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You will be making a hypothesis in order to predict how the design modification you make to your glider (increasing lift, increasing lift + drag, decreasing lift, or increasing drag + weight) will affect your dependent variable (distance the glider travels, or distance the glider lands from a target). As we have learned from a year of spectacular science, we need background research (evidence) in order to make a hypothesis (tentative claim).
You may use Shonscience posts, videos, and articles (including those from Mr. Cirone's class) to conduct your background research. Below are links to articles that will support your research. The key is find supporting evidence that addresses the question, "How will your independent variable affect your dependent variable?" If your independent variable involves changing LIFT: Wings provide lift for gliding Squirrels Camber is the Key (see "Camber line: at the heart of it all") Inclination Effects on Lift Forces on a Glider Shonscience: What Makes Something Fly? Shonscience: How do you Control a Plane? If your independent variable involves changing WEIGHT: Factors Affecting the Performance of an Airplane (see the "Landing performance charts" section) Wings provide lift for gliding Squirrels The Effect of Weight on Glide Ratio Forces on a Glider Shonscience: What Makes Something Fly? Shonscience: How do you Control a Plane? What Makes Paper Airplanes Fly? How Far Will It Fly? Scholastic: What Makes Paper Airplanes Fly? If your independent variable involves changing DRAG: Directions: Find your topic below and copy the guiding questions. Use the links to find the answers! Biomimicry
Explore how animal flight has inspired and influenced the design of aircraft! Guiding Questions:
Airbus: Biomimicry The Aircraft of the Future Aircraft Engineers Turn to Biomimicry for Greener Designs Scoop It: Biomimicry - Nature Inspired Innovation Aircraft Flight will be Revolutionized by Biomimicry Birds = Jets Types of Aircraft Explore the different types of aircraft, and the past, present, and future of aircraft design! Guiding Questions:
Evolution of Aircraft History of the Airplane Aircraft Types Delta: Know the Planes you Love American Airlines: Our Planes What are the Different Types of Aircraft? JetBlue: Our Planes Aeronautical History: Important Advances in Aircraft Design Airplane Timeline Pinterest: All Types of Planes Airline Food Explore the past, present, and future of airline cuisine! Guiding Questions:
Wikipedia: Airline Meal The Lowdown on In-Flight Meals 17 Milestones in the History of Airline Flight Meals Airline Food Through the Ages Airplane Food, From Sandwiches to Smoked Salmon Airline Menus from the Past The Big Apple: Airplane Food How Airline Meals Have Evolved Through the Years Food: History of Airline Meals Singapore Airlines: Special Food United Airlines: Special Meals China Southern Airlines: Special Meals Services Turkish Airlines: Special Meal Service Why Airplane Food is so Bad Slate: The Fare Up There - Why I Love Airline Food Commercial Airlines Explore the past, present, and future of the commercial airline industry! Guiding Questions:
Wikipedia: Airlines Forbes: America's Best Airlines Timeline of Commercial Aviation The History of Airline Industry How the Airline Industry has Evolved The First Commercial Flight Deadliest Commercial Airline Crashes in History The 20 Best Airlines in the World The 10 Most Commonly Sold Commercial Jets to Airlines Huffington Post: 23 Best Airline Commercials Top Commercial Airline Trends You Need to Know Major Airlines in North America TSA: Commercial Airlines Airplane Timeline USA Today: America's Best and Worst Airlines Wall Street Journal: The Best (and Worst) Airlines High Flying Fashion Explore the past, present, and future of flight attendant uniforms! Guiding Questions:
Mile-High Fashion: Flight Attendant Uniforms A History of Flight Attendant Uniforms Through the Years Vintage American Airlines Stewardess Uniforms The Best Flight Attendant Uniforms in American History Pinterest: Airline Retro Uniforms War Planes Explore the past, present, and future of war planes! Guiding Questions:
Aircraft History: The Evolution of Fighter Jets The Birth of the Fighter Plane American Aviators of WWI: A History of Fighter Aircraft Top 10 Fighters of All Time Top 10 Fighter Aircraft Aircraft in the Military Timeline A Story of World War I Aviation You will be making a hypothesis in order to predict how the design modification you make to your glider (increasing lift, increasing lift + drag, decreasing lift, or increasing drag + weight) will affect your dependent variable (distance the glider travels, or distance the glider lands from a target). As we have learned from a year of spectacular science, we need background research (evidence) in order to make a hypothesis (tentative claim). You may use Shonscience posts, videos, and articles (including those from Mr. Cirone's class) to conduct your background research. Below are links to articles that will support your research. The key is find supporting evidence that addresses the question, "How will your independent variable affect your dependent variable?" If your independent variable involves changing LIFT: Wings provide lift for gliding Squirrels Shonscience: What Makes Something Fly? Shonscience: How do you Control a Plane? Camber is the Key (see "Camber line: at the heart of it all") What is an Airfoil? Factors Affecting Lift Inclination Effects on Lift The Work of Wings The Airfoil Misconception Forces on a Glider What Makes Paper Airplanes Fly? Scholastic: What Makes Paper Airplanes Fly? Paper Airplane Designs For Distance If your independent variable involves changing WEIGHT: Factors Affecting the Performance of an Airplane (see the "Landing performance charts" section) Wings provide lift for gliding Squirrels The Effect of Weight on Glide Ratio GlidesForces on a Glider Shonscience: What Makes Something Fly? Shonscience: How do you Control a Plane? What Makes Paper Airplanes Fly? How Far Will It Fly? Scholastic: What Makes Paper Airplanes Fly? If your independent variable involves changing DRAG: Shonscience: What Makes Something Fly? Shonscience: How do you Control a Plane? Test Paper Planes with Different Drag Reducing Landing Distance Forces on a Glider What Makes Paper Airplanes Fly? Scholastic: What Makes Paper Airplanes Fly?
 Assignment
Read the blog post above, watch the videos, and explore the interactive websites (links). Then answer the questions below. Make sure to write the question and answer in complete sentences to receive full credit. There is an extra credit opportunity below! Due Monday, June 9, 2014 Part I & II 1. What type of plane motion (roll, pitch, or yaw) occurs when a plane takes off and lands? 2. What type of plane motion (roll, pitch, or yaw) occurs when a plane makes a left or right turn in the air? 3. Where are the ailerons of a plane located? 4. What is the function of the ailerons? 5. Where is the elevator of the plane located? 6. What is the function of the elevator (on a plane)? 7. Where are the rudders of a plane located? 8. What is the function of the rudders? Part III 1. What is camber? 2. What is the difference between upper camber and lower camber? 3. A high-speed, low-lift airfoil has very __________________ camber. 4. A low-speed, high-lift airfoil, like that on the Cessna 150, has a very ________________ camber. 5. Sketch the upper and lower camber line of an airfoil. Part IV: Explore the website on wing design and answer the questions that follow: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/lift-drag.html 1. What two forces combine to create lift? 2. An airfoil also creates lift by __________________ or redirecting airflow. 3. The amount of drag depends on an object's _________________ and _____________. 4. What will have more drag: a) monster truck; b) sports car 5. A __________________ surface causes more drag than a smooth, polished one. 6. A fighter jet has low lift and low drag. What about its wing shape gives it these properties? 7. How does the airfoil of the crop duster compare to the wing of the fighter jet? Extra Credit: Click on the link below to find the best lift to drag ratio (L/D) for different planes by adjusting their angle of attack and air speed. Then answer the questions below. http://howthingsfly.si.edu/activities/how-wings-work 1. Why do you think a higher lift to drag ratio (L/D) is a major goal in wing design? 2. In order to achieve the best lift to drag ratio (L/D) for the Bleriot airfoil, what is the angle of attack and airspeed needed? 3. In order to achieve the best lift to drag ratio (L/D) for the DC-3 airfoil, what is the angle of attack and airspeed needed? 4. In order to achieve the best lift to drag ratio (L/D) for the 757 airfoil, what is the angle of attack and airspeed needed?
When the forces of flight are balanced, an object can fly in a level direction. An object can go up (take-off!) if the forces of lift and thrust are more than weight and drag . An object can go down (land!) if the forces of weight and drag are greater than lift and thrust.
How do objects DEFY gravity? In other words, how can we create the lift needed to overcome weight (the force of gravity)? Lift can overcome weight in two ways: 1) By creating differences in air pressure. 2) By pushing air downward. But what does this even mean?!?!?! There there. I'll explain.
So now we have Lift. Where do we get Thrust? That's a much easier explanation. We get thrust from engines (like a car), propellers, and rockets! Still confused? Watch the Bill Nye + BrainPop videos on flight (videos + links below)! Assignment Answer the questions below in complete sentences, using the blog post, videos, and class notes to help you. WRITE the question and answer. Due: Friday, June 6, 2014 1. What are the four forces of flight?
2. How does a plane balance the forces of flight in order to land safely? (hint: some forces must overcome others) 3. What is an airfoil? 4. Sketch an airfoil. 5. What is Bernoulli's principle? 6. How does Bernoulli's principle relate to flight? 7. What is another example of Bernoulli's principle in the real world? (hint: there is a poster in Ms. Shon's classroom with examples) 8. What is Newton's 3rd Law? 9. How does Newton's 3rd Law of motion relate to flight? 10. What is another example of Newton's 3rd Law of motion in the real world? |
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